Viewing data for Dorosoma cepedianum


Scientific name Dorosoma cepedianum
Common name American gizzard shad
Maximum lifespan 6.00 years (Dorosoma cepedianum@AnAge)

Total mtDNA (size: 16704 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 7854 8850 4843 3011 4194 4656
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 470 530 290 180 251 279
Base content (%) 47.0% 53.0%
Total protein-coding genes (size: 11404 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 5407 5997 3494 1913 3001 2996
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 474 526 306 168 263 263
Base content (%) 47.4% 52.6%
D-loop: No data available for this section.
Total tRNA-coding genes (size: 1551 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 739 812 408 331 361 451
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 476 524 263 213 233 291
Base content (%) 47.6% 52.4%
Total rRNA-coding genes (size: 2636 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 1300 1336 710 590 506 830
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 493 507 269 224 192 315
Base content (%) 49.3% 50.7%
12S rRNA gene (size: 952 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 489 463 265 224 187 276
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 514 486 278 235 196 290
Base content (%) 51.4% 48.6%
16S rRNA gene (size: 1684 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 811 873 445 366 319 554
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 482 518 264 217 189 329
Base content (%) 48.2% 51.8%

ATP6 (size: 683 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 317 366 217 100 192 174
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 464 536 318 146 281 255
Base content (%) 46.4% 53.6%
ATP8 (size: 168 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 70 98 48 22 46 52
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 417 583 286 131 274 310
Base content (%) 41.7% 58.3%
COX1 (size: 1551 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 741 810 429 312 437 373
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 478 522 277 201 282 240
Base content (%) 47.8% 52.2%
COX2 (size: 691 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 324 367 201 123 176 191
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 469 531 291 178 255 276
Base content (%) 46.9% 53.1%
COX3 (size: 785 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 389 396 247 142 210 186
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 496 504 315 181 268 237
Base content (%) 49.6% 50.4%
CYTB (size: 1141 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 522 619 335 187 325 294
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 457 543 294 164 285 258
Base content (%) 45.7% 54.3%
ND1 (size: 975 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 495 480 324 171 255 225
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 508 492 332 175 262 231
Base content (%) 50.8% 49.2%
ND2 (size: 1046 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 507 539 360 147 249 290
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 485 515 344 141 238 277
Base content (%) 48.5% 51.5%
ND3 (size: 349 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 161 188 102 59 108 80
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 461 539 292 169 309 229
Base content (%) 46.1% 53.9%
ND4 (size: 1381 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 656 725 413 243 362 363
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 475 525 299 176 262 263
Base content (%) 47.5% 52.5%
ND4L (size: 297 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 157 140 100 57 75 65
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 529 471 337 192 253 219
Base content (%) 52.9% 47.1%
ND5 (size: 1836 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 841 995 563 278 487 508
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 458 542 307 151 265 277
Base content (%) 45.8% 54.2%
ND6 (size: 522 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 233 289 158 75 85 204
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 446 554 303 144 163 391
Base content (%) 44.6% 55.4%

ATP6 (size: 683 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 11 (4.87%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 19 (8.41%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 7 (3.1%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 23 (10.18%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 0 (0%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 16 (7.08%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 52 (23.01%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 17 (7.52%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 10 (4.42%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 18 (7.96%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 11 (4.87%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 5 (2.21%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 5 (2.21%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 1 (0.44%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 4 (1.77%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 9 (3.98%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 9 (3.98%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 3 (1.33%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 1 (0.44%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 6 (2.65%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
10 7 3 7 12 16 5 11 7 2 7 5 3 1 8 3
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
7 0 0 1 9 6 3 2 4 4 1 3 10 4 1 3
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
11 9 0 1 1 1 0 1 3 1 4 1 1 3 6 1
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
2 4 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 4
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
51 76 64 36
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
26 63 32 106
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
23 78 77 49
ATP8 (size: 168 bases)
Amino acid sequence: MPQLNPAPWFAILVFSWLIFLTVIPPKVLAHNFNNEPTTVGAEKTKPEPWNWPWY*
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 1 (1.82%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 4 (7.27%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 1 (1.82%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 4 (7.27%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 0 (0%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 4 (7.27%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 5 (9.09%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 3 (5.45%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 1 (1.82%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 9 (16.36%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 4 (7.27%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 1 (1.82%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 5 (9.09%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 0 (0%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 3 (5.45%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 5 (9.09%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 1 (1.82%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 1 (1.82%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 3 (5.45%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 0 (0%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
3 0 0 0 1 2 0 2 1 0 2 0 1 1 3 1
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
1 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 4 3 2 0 1
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 4 0
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
1 2 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
12 14 16 14
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
6 18 15 17
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
4 16 21 15
COX1 (size: 1551 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 46 (8.91%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 48 (9.3%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 31 (6.01%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 34 (6.59%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 1 (0.19%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 43 (8.33%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 63 (12.21%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 38 (7.36%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 24 (4.65%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 28 (5.43%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 42 (8.14%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 18 (3.49%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 17 (3.29%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 14 (2.71%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 11 (2.13%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 14 (2.71%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 8 (1.55%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 19 (3.68%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 9 (1.74%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 8 (1.55%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
23 15 7 18 14 15 12 4 4 4 7 8 21 7 17 25
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
17 0 1 6 21 18 3 5 7 18 16 7 11 9 1 8
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
11 10 5 5 9 11 1 0 5 5 13 2 0 10 4 3
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
16 8 3 3 11 8 1 1 0 6 1 0 0 1 0 15
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
162 122 124 109
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
77 136 94 210
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
73 171 155 118
COX2 (size: 691 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 9 (3.93%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 17 (7.42%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 17 (7.42%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 8 (3.49%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 2 (0.87%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 20 (8.73%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 29 (12.66%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 19 (8.3%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 13 (5.68%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 14 (6.11%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 7 (3.06%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 9 (3.93%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 5 (2.18%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 14 (6.11%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 15 (6.55%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 4 (1.75%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 8 (3.49%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 10 (4.37%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 4 (1.75%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 6 (2.62%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
13 6 5 6 7 9 2 4 8 0 4 6 6 4 4 3
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
8 1 1 1 11 4 1 1 3 3 2 2 6 6 0 2
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
3 3 0 0 9 4 1 0 3 6 3 0 1 1 3 3
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
7 12 3 1 13 4 0 0 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 5
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
75 62 51 42
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
25 53 64 88
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
23 86 76 45
COX3 (size: 785 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 22 (8.46%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 21 (8.08%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 14 (5.38%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 24 (9.23%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 2 (0.77%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 19 (7.31%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 33 (12.69%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 12 (4.62%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 6 (2.31%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 13 (5.0%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 25 (9.62%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 11 (4.23%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 12 (4.62%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 5 (1.92%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 9 (3.46%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 2 (0.77%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 8 (3.08%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 16 (6.15%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 2 (0.77%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 5 (1.92%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
5 7 3 10 6 8 5 2 7 1 3 6 8 2 8 17
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
3 0 2 2 11 6 2 2 7 11 2 1 9 2 1 5
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
11 8 0 5 1 5 0 0 3 3 8 3 2 2 0 3
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
13 8 1 0 5 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 9
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
76 71 49 65
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
44 69 53 95
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
22 107 83 49
CYTB (size: 1141 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 28 (7.39%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 32 (8.44%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 23 (6.07%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 21 (5.54%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 3 (0.79%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 26 (6.86%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 60 (15.83%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 28 (7.39%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 9 (2.37%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 21 (5.54%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 30 (7.92%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 14 (3.69%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 13 (3.43%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 10 (2.64%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 8 (2.11%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 19 (5.01%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 6 (1.58%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 12 (3.17%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 9 (2.37%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 8 (2.11%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
15 13 5 17 7 24 9 3 4 2 5 8 12 1 13 17
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
4 1 2 4 14 13 1 1 8 13 6 4 8 8 1 3
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
9 8 1 6 8 6 2 0 1 4 10 0 0 9 10 3
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
9 7 1 0 10 9 0 1 1 4 2 0 0 0 0 13
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
104 104 87 85
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
53 96 78 153
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
30 135 129 86
ND1 (size: 975 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 19 (5.86%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 35 (10.8%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 24 (7.41%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 20 (6.17%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 1 (0.31%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 20 (6.17%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 62 (19.14%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 22 (6.79%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 9 (2.78%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 24 (7.41%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 20 (6.17%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 11 (3.4%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 8 (2.47%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 4 (1.23%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 11 (3.4%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 8 (2.47%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 6 (1.85%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 5 (1.54%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 7 (2.16%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 8 (2.47%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
13 9 5 9 19 18 7 9 4 2 5 7 4 4 8 12
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
4 0 1 3 18 12 2 2 2 9 6 0 16 4 4 1
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
12 4 3 2 11 4 2 2 3 2 9 2 0 4 4 1
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
4 9 2 1 3 7 0 0 0 5 3 0 0 1 0 6
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
89 96 71 69
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
41 98 53 133
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
41 130 101 53
ND2 (size: 1046 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 16 (4.61%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 38 (10.95%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 22 (6.34%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 51 (14.7%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 3 (0.86%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 17 (4.9%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 68 (19.6%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 21 (6.05%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 13 (3.75%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 19 (5.48%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 10 (2.88%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 8 (2.31%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 11 (3.17%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 3 (0.86%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 6 (1.73%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 8 (2.31%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 12 (3.46%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 8 (2.31%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 9 (2.59%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 5 (1.44%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
10 11 8 20 16 18 6 5 11 1 5 4 7 1 7 3
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
5 1 2 4 21 13 0 0 4 10 2 4 9 5 1 7
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
22 19 3 0 9 7 0 1 5 1 7 0 3 2 6 1
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
7 4 2 0 3 8 1 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 11
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
80 104 108 56
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
41 124 54 129
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
26 132 127 63
ND3 (size: 1046 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 16 (4.61%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 38 (10.95%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 22 (6.34%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 51 (14.7%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 3 (0.86%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 17 (4.9%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 68 (19.6%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 21 (6.05%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 13 (3.75%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 19 (5.48%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 10 (2.88%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 8 (2.31%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 11 (3.17%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 3 (0.86%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 6 (1.73%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 8 (2.31%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 12 (3.46%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 8 (2.31%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 9 (2.59%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 5 (1.44%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
10 11 8 20 16 18 6 5 11 1 5 4 7 1 7 3
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
5 1 2 4 21 13 0 0 4 10 2 4 9 5 1 7
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
22 19 3 0 9 7 0 1 5 1 7 0 3 2 6 1
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
7 4 2 0 3 8 1 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 11
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
80 104 108 56
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
41 124 54 129
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
26 132 127 63
ND4 (size: 1381 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 30 (6.54%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 39 (8.5%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 23 (5.01%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 47 (10.24%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 4 (0.87%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 20 (4.36%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 85 (18.52%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 38 (8.28%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 26 (5.66%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 27 (5.88%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 17 (3.7%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 14 (3.05%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 20 (4.36%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 4 (0.87%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 12 (2.61%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 11 (2.4%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 10 (2.18%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 11 (2.4%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 10 (2.18%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 12 (2.61%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
22 16 13 17 16 27 10 12 8 2 3 7 6 4 11 6
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
13 1 3 3 21 13 2 2 8 9 11 2 16 9 0 8
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
20 15 4 3 9 3 0 3 5 4 10 6 3 5 6 3
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
8 7 5 1 3 8 2 2 1 7 2 0 0 0 0 14
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
105 130 140 85
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
74 128 72 186
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
64 155 151 90
ND4L (size: 297 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 5 (5.1%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 13 (13.27%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 8 (8.16%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 11 (11.22%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 3 (3.06%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 3 (3.06%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 23 (23.47%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 1 (1.02%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 5 (5.1%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 2 (2.04%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 7 (7.14%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 0 (0%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 1 (1.02%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 1 (1.02%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 3 (3.06%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 2 (2.04%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 3 (3.06%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 4 (4.08%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 0 (0%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 3 (3.06%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
1 0 2 4 7 6 4 1 3 0 0 0 3 0 2 5
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
3 2 1 1 7 5 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 0 2
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
3 3 3 3 1 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 2 0
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
4 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
25 33 22 19
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
15 31 14 39
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
17 36 29 17
ND5 (size: 1836 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 33 (5.4%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 64 (10.47%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 40 (6.55%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 61 (9.98%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 6 (0.98%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 31 (5.07%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 87 (14.24%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 52 (8.51%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 28 (4.58%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 30 (4.91%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 39 (6.38%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 12 (1.96%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 14 (2.29%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 16 (2.62%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 10 (1.64%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 25 (4.09%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 19 (3.11%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 14 (2.29%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 20 (3.27%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 10 (1.64%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
28 24 17 18 16 26 8 15 16 3 8 10 11 2 19 20
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
11 3 3 6 37 17 4 3 13 13 4 5 16 8 1 10
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
30 17 4 8 9 12 1 1 9 6 6 2 4 8 17 3
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
11 9 1 3 13 15 5 0 3 7 0 0 0 0 1 12
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
154 141 196 121
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
73 185 117 237
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
51 237 195 129
ND6 (size: 522 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 21 (12.14%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 23 (13.29%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 13 (7.51%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 5 (2.89%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 2 (1.16%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 19 (10.98%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 28 (16.18%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 5 (2.89%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 11 (6.36%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 5 (2.89%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 16 (9.25%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 8 (4.62%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 2 (1.16%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 3 (1.73%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 4 (2.31%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 1 (0.58%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 0 (0%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 2 (1.16%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 1 (0.58%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 4 (2.31%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
4 1 5 5 0 2 2 10 0 0 8 2 3 6 15 1
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
6 2 0 11 3 7 2 4 0 4 13 1 0 2 2 3
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
0 0 2 2 1 3 3 1 3 7 1 2 9 1 0 2
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
0 0 4 2 1 0 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 0
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
70 20 27 57
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
33 42 20 79
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
55 13 38 68
Total protein-coding genes (size: 11425 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 247 (6.49%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 360 (9.46%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 232 (6.1%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 316 (8.31%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 28 (0.74%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 246 (6.47%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 623 (16.38%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 263 (6.91%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 158 (4.15%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 218 (5.73%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 235 (6.18%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 113 (2.97%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 118 (3.1%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 78 (2.05%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 102 (2.68%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 111 (2.92%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 93 (2.44%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 105 (2.76%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 76 (2.0%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 77 (2.02%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
151 112 75 138 127 175 76 83 75 18 59 65 88 34 120 115
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
83 11 17 43 180 117 20 23 60 99 65 35 108 62 13 56
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
134 100 26 37 71 59 12 10 43 40 73 20 24 46 65 23
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
82 76 26 12 66 66 10 4 14 45 14 0 0 4 2 98
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
1033 1009 977 786
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
523 1073 684 1525
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
443 1332 1222 808 

>NC_008107.1 Dorosoma cepedianum mitochondrion, complete genome
GCTGGTGTAGCTTAAATAAAGCATAACACTGAAGATGTTAAGATGGGCCGTAGAAAGCCCCGCGAGCACA
AAGGTTTGGTCCTGACTTTATTATCAGCTTTAGCCCAATTTACACATGCAAGCCTCCGCAGCCCTGTGAG
GATGCCCTCAATCTCCCGTCCGGAGACGAGGAGCCGGTATCAGGCACAAGAATTAGCCCAAGACGCCTTG
CTTAGCCACACCCCCAAGGGAATTCAGCAGTGATAGACATTAAGCCATGAGTGAAAACTTGACTTAGTCA
GGGTTAAGAGGGCCGGTAAAACTCGTGCCAGCCACCGCGGTTATACGAGAGGCCCAAGTTGATAAGCCCG
GCGTAAAGAGTGGTTATGGAGAATAAAACACTAAAGCTAAAGACCCCCTAGGCTGTTATACGCACCTGGC
GGCTCGAACCACCTATACGAAAGTAGCTTTACCCCCCTTCCACCAGAATCCACGACAGCTGGGGCACAAA
CTGGGATTAGATACCCCACTATGCCCTGCCGTAAACTTAGATATTTCAATACAACAAATATCCGCCCGGG
GACTACGAGCGCCAGCTTAAAACCCAAAGGACTTGGCGGTGCTTCAGACCCCCCTAGAGGAGCCTGTTCT
AGAACCGATAACCCCCGTTCAACCTCACTACTCCTTGCTTTTCCCGCCTATATACCGCCGTCGCCAGCTT
ACCCTGTGAAGGTATCGCAGTAAGCAAAATGGGCAATGCCCAAAACGTCAGGTCGAGGTGTAGCGTACGA
AGTAGGAAGAAATGGGCTACATTATCTGAAGCAGATTATTCACGAAAAGTCATCTGAAATCGATGACTCG
AAGGTGGATTTAGCAGTAAGGGGGGAATAGAGCGCCCCCCTGAAGCCGGCTCTGAAGCGCGCACACACCG
CCCGTCACTCTCCCCAACAACACCCTCATCTGATAACTAACAAGACAGCAGCCACAAGGGGAGGCAAGTC
GTAACATGGTAAGTGTACCGGAAGGTGCACTTGGAATAACCAGGGTGTGGCTGAGATAGTTAAGCGCCTC
CCTTACACCGAGAAGACATCCATGCAAGTTGGATCACCCTGAACCAAACAGCTAGCTCAACCCAAATGAC
TAAATTTACAACATAAATTAATCTATCAAAAACTAACCCCACCAACTAAATCATTCGACCACCCCAGTAC
GGGCGACAGAAAAGGACCAATGAAGCCATAGACAAAGTACCGCAAGGGAAAGCTGAAAGAGAGCTGAAAT
AGAGCACTAAAGTAAATAAAAGCAGAGATCAAACCTCGTACCTTTTGCATCATGATCTAGCCAGTAATGC
CAAGCAAAGAGCCCTCTAGTTTGAAACCCCGAAACCCGACGAGCTACTCCGGGACAGCCTATTGTGGGGC
CAACCCGTCTCTGTGGCAAAAGAGTGGGAAGATCCCCGAGTAGAGGTGAAAGACCTACCGAGTCAGGTTA
TAGCTGGTTGCCCAGGAAATGAATAGAAGTTCAGCCCCGTTTTACCCTTGCCCACCGCAGTCTTACTAAA
ATTAGGTATAAAGGATATAAACAGGAGTTAGTTAAAGGAGGTACAGCTCCCTTAACAAAGGATACAACCT
TCACAGGAGGCTAAGGAATACACTTAACAAGGCCATAGGTTTCAGTGGGCCTAAAAGCAGCCATCTGAAT
AGAAAGCGTTAAAGCTCAGACCAAATTAAGCCTATTATAACATTAAATGCCCTCAATGCCCCTAACAATA
CTGGGCCCCCCTATGCCCCCATAGGAGAGACCATGCTAGAACGAGTAATAAGAAGAACGAACTTCTCCCC
GCACATGTGTAAGTCGAATCGGACCCGCCATCGACAATTAACGAACCCAACAAAAGAGGACCATGCATCA
CCGCCACACCCGGCCAAGAAAAACACGCAAACCACCCATCGTTAACCCCACACAGGAGTGCTTAAACAAA
GGGAAAGACTTAATGAATAAAAAGGAACTCGGCAAACCTAAACCTCGCCTGTTTACCAAAAACATCGCCT
CCTGCCCATATAAAAATATAGGAGGTCCCGCCTGCCCTGTGACCAAAAGTTTAACGGCCGCGGTATTTTA
ACCGTGCAAAGGTAGCGCAATCAATTGTCTTTTAAATGGAGACCTGTATGAATGGCATAACGAGGGTTTA
ACTGTCTCTTTTTTCTGGTCAATGAAACTGATCTACCCGTGCAGAAGCGGGTATACCCACACAAGACGAG
AAGACCCTATGGAGCTTTAGACGCCCACCAACCGTGAAGAGCAGCCTGCCTAACAGGCCCCCAAACTACA
TGGCCCTGGTATAAACGTCTTCGGTTGGGGCGACCACGGGGGAAAGCAAAGCCCCCGAGAGGATTGGGGG
AAACCCTAAAACCAAGAGCCACAGCTCTAAGTCACAAAATATTTGACCGACAATGATCCGGCTTTTGCCG
ATCAACGGACCAAGTTACCCTAGGGATAACAGCGCAATCCCCTCCCAGAGTCCATATCGACGAGGGGGTT
TACGACCTCGATGTTGGATCAGGACATCCCAATGGTGCAGCCGCTATTAAGGGTTCGTTTGTTCAACGAT
TAAAGTCCTACGTGATCTGAGTTCAGACCGGAGTAATCCAGGTCAGTTTCTATCTGTGAAGCCACCCTTC
CTAGTACGAAAGGACCGGAATGATGAGGCCCATGCTATAAGCACGCCTCCCCCCAACCTGGCGAAAACAA
CTGAAACAGGTAAAGGGGGGCCCACCCCGGCCCAAGAGAAGGGCGCGCTGGGGTGGCAGAGCCCGGTAAA
TGCAGGAAACCTAAGCCTTCCCCCTCAGAGGTTCAAGTCCTCTCCCCAGCTATGCTCCACATTCTCTTAG
CCCACATCATCAACCCCCTCGCCTACATTGTGCCCGTCCTTTTAGCAGTGGCCTTCTTAACCCTAATCGA
ACGAAAAGTTCTAGGCTACATGCAATTACGAAAAGGGCCCAATGTAGTCGGACCATACGGACTTCTCCAG
CCAATCGCAGATGGAGTTAAACTCTTCATTAAAGAGCCGGTCCGGCCCTCCACGTCCTCCCCCTTCCTCT
TCCTGGCAACCCCCACCCTGGCCCTAACACTAGCCCTGACCCTTTGAGCCCCCCTCCCCCTGCCGTTTCC
AGTTACGGACCTGAGCTTAAGCATACTATTTATTCTAGCATTATCCAGTCTTGCTGTCTATTCCATCCTA
GGGTCGGGGTGGGCCTCAAATTCTAAATACGCCCTCATTGGAGCCCTACGGGCAGTGGCTCAAACTATTT
CCTACGAAGTAGCCCTAGGACTCATTCTCCTTTGCACCATCGTTTTTACCGGAGGTTTTACACTATCAAT
GTTCAGTACAACCCAAGAAGGAGTCTGACTCCTTATCCCCGCCTGACCCCTGGCAGCAATATGATACATT
TCCACCCTAGCAGAAACGAACCGAGCACCCTTTGACCTCACCGAAGGTGAATCAGAGCTAGTCTCCGGAT
TTAATGTAGAATACGCAGGAGGGCCCTTCGCCCTATTCTTCCTTGCGGAATACGCTAACATTTTATTCAT
AAATACCTTATCCGCCATTCTATTTATAGGGGCCTCTCACTTCCCCTCCCTCCCCGAACTCACCACAATT
AGCATTATAATCAAAGCCGCCCTCCTCTCAGCCGTGTTCCTCTGGGTTCGAGCATCGTACCCCCGATTCC
GGTATGACCAGCTAATGCATCTAGTATGAAAAAACTTTCTCCCCCTTACCCTAGCCCTTATTTTATGACA
CATCTCCCTACCAGTCGGGGCGGCAGGCCTGCCGCCGCAACTCTAAACGAACCCCAGGAGCCGTGCCTGA
ACGCCCAAGGGCCACTTTGATAGAGTGAACCAAGGGGGTTAAACTCCCCCCGGCTCCTTAGAAAAAAGGG
ATTCGAACCCATCCTCCAGAGATCAAAACTCTGGGTGCTTCCACTACACCACTTTCTAGTAAGGTCAGCT
AAATAAGCTTTCGGGCCCATACCCCGAACATGTTGGTTAAAATCCTTCCCCTACTAATGAATCCTTACGT
ACTAACTATTCTTCTATTTAGCCTAGGATTAGGAACCACGCTGACCTTCGCCAGCTCCCACTGACTCCTG
GCATGAATGGGCCTAGAAATTAACACCCTTGCCATCATCCCACTAATAGCCCATCAACACCACCCCCGAG
CCGTTGAAGCAACAACTAAATACTTTCTTACACAGGCCACCGCTGCCGCCATAATCTTATTTGCTAGTAC
AACCAACGCCTGACTCTCAGGGGAGTGAGAAATTACCCAACTGTCAAACCCGGTTGCTTGTACTATTGCC
GTAACGGCCCTAGCACTAAAAATTGGCCTGGCCCCAACCCACTTTTGACTTCCAGAGGTTCTTCAAGGAA
TCACATTAACCACAGGACTAATTCTTTCCACCTGACAAAAACTAGCCCCATTTGCACTCATTATACAAGT
AGCAGACAACGCCCACCCCCACTTACTTACAATCTTGGCCGTATCCTCCACCCTGGTCGGAGGATGAGGA
GGCCTTAATCAAACCCAACTTCGCAAAATCCTCGCATATTCCTCAATCGCACACCTCGGATGAATAATCC
TAGTAGTCCAAATGGCCCCTCAAATAACCCTCCTTGCCCTCATCACATACATTGTGATAACAACAGCAGC
CTTCCTAACCTTGGACAAAGTAGACTCAACTAAAACAATTACCCTGACCTCCGCTTGAACCAAAGCCCCC
ACACTAAGCGCACTAGCCTGCCTTATCTTACTCTCCCTTGGGGGCCTCCCTCCTCTCACAGGATTTATAC
CCAAATGAATGATCCTTCAAGAAGTCTCCAACCAAGGATTCCCCCTTACAGCAACAGTAGTTGCACTAAC
AGCCCTCTTGAGCCTTTACTTTTACCTCCGCCTTACATACGCAATAACGCTTACCCTCTCCCCCTACACC
ACTAACTCATCAACCCCCTGACGCACCATGAGCAAGCGGCCCACACTTCTTCTCTCAACAACAATTGTTC
TAGCAACTTGCCTTCTACCCCTCACCCCAACTGTCCTAACCCTCCTAGCCTAAGGGGCTTAGGATAGCAT
CTAGACCATGAGCCTTCAAAGCTCCAAGCAGGAGTGAAAATCTCCTAGCCCCTGATAAGACTTGCAGGAC
TTTATCCCACATCTTCTGAATGCAACCCAGACACTTTAATTAAGCTAAAGCCTTTCTAGATGGGAAGGCC
TCGATCCTACAAAATCTTAGTTAACAGCTAAGCGCCCTAACCAGCGAGCATCCATCTATCTTCCCCCGCC
GTCCGGGGACAAAGGCGGGGAAAGCCCCGGCAGGCGTTAACCTGCGTCTTCAGGTTTGCAACCTGACATG
AACTTCACCACAGAGCTTCTTGGTAAGAAGAGGAGTTAAACCTCTGTCCTCGGAGCTACAATCCGCCGCC
TAAGCCTTCGGCCATCCTACCTGTGGCAATTACACGTTGATTTTTCTCAACCAATCATAAAGATATTGGC
ACCCTTTATCTAGTATTCGGTGCCTGAGCGGGGATAGTAGGGACCGCCCTAAGCCTCCTAATTCGAGCAG
AATTAAGCCAACCTGGGGCGCTTCTTGGAGACGACCAGATCTACAATGTTATCGTTACGGCACATGCCTT
CGTAATGATTTTCTTCATAGTAATACCAATCCTGATTGGAGGATTTGGAAACTGGCTCGTCCCCCTAATG
ATCGGAGCACCCGATATGGCATTCCCACGAATGAATAATATGAGCTTTTGACTCCTGCCGCCTTCTTTCC
TTCTTCTTCTAGCTTCCTCAGGGGTGGAAGCCGGAGCAGGGACAGGATGAACAGTGTACCCCCCTCTATC
GGGCAATCTGGCTCACGCCGGAGCATCCGTAGACCTGACTATTTTTTCACTTCATCTTGCGGGTATCTCA
TCAATTCTTGGGGCAATTAATTTTATTACCACAATTATTAACATGAAGCCCCCCGCAATCTCACAATACC
AGACGCCCCTATTTGTCTGATCTGTCCTTGTGACTGCCGTCCTCCTTCTCCTCTCTCTCCCAGTTCTGGC
CGCCGGAATTACTATACTACTTACGGACCGAAATCTAAACACAACTTTCTTTGACCCCGCAGGTGGAGGA
GACCCCATCCTGTACCAGCACCTATTCTGATTCTTTGGTCACCCAGAAGTCTATATTCTTATTCTCCCAG
GCTTCGGAATGATTTCTCACATCGTAGCCTACTACGCCGGGAAAAAAGAACCTTTTGGTTACATAGGAAT
GGTCTGAGCAATAATGGCCATCGGGCTGCTAGGCTTCATCGTTTGAGCCCACCACATGTTTACGGTGGGG
ATGGATGTAGACACCCGAGCTTACTTCACTTCCGCAACAATGATTATTGCCATTCCAACCGGAGTAAAAG
TATTTAGCTGGCTTGCCACCCTGCACGGGGGCTCAATCAAATGAGAGACCCCTCTCCTTTGAGCTCTTGG
GTTCATTTTCTTATTCACAGTAGGAGGGCTGACAGGAATTGTATTATCAAATTCTTCCCTAGACATTGTT
CTCCACGACACTTACTATGTAGTAGCACACTTCCACTATGTCCTGTCCATGGGGGCCGTATTTGCTATCA
TGGCTGCATTTGTTCACTGATTCCCCCTATTCTCAGGGTACACCCTGCACAGCACCTGAACAAAAATCCA
CTTTGGAGTGATGTTCGTAGGGGTAAATCTTACTTTCTTCCCACAGCACTTCCTCGGCCTGGCAGGAATG
CCCCGACGGTATTCCGACTACCCAGACGCCTACACCCTCTGAAATACGGTATCCTCAATCGGGTCCCTAA
TCTCCCTCGTAGCCGTCATTATGTTCTTATTTATTCTTTGAGAAGCATTTGCCGCCAAACGAGAAGTTGC
ATCAGTAGAACTCGCCATAACAAACGTGGAGTGACTACACGGCTGCCCTCCTCCATACCACACTTTCGAA
GAGCCCGCCTTTGTACAAGTACAAGCAAAATAACGAGAAAGGGAGGAATCGAACCCCCGTGAGATGGTTT
CAAGCCAACTGCATGGCCACTCTGCCACTTTCTTAAATAAGACACTAGTAAAACTATTACCTTGCCTTGT
CAAGGCAAAATTGTGGGTTAAACCCCCGCGTGTCTTAGCCCAGAGCTAAATGGCACATCCCTCACAACTA
GGATTGCAAGACGCGGCCTCCCCTGTTATAGAAGAACTCTTACACTTCCACGACCATGCCCTAATAATTG
TCCTCCTTATTAGCGTGCTAGTCCTTTACATTATTGTGTCAATGGTCTCAACCAAACTCACTGACAAATA
TATTCTAGACTCCCAAGAAATTGAAATTGTATGAACCATCCTGCCAGCCGTTATCTTAATCATGATTGCA
TTACCCTCCCTCCGAATTCTTTACCTCATGGACGAGATCAACGATCCCCACCTAACAATTAAAGCCATGG
GCCACCAATGATATTGAAGCTATGAGTATACAGACTATGAAGACCTAGGCTTTGACTCCTATATGATCCC
AACCCAAGACCTCGCCCCCGGCCAATTCCGCCTTTTAGAAACAGACCACCGGATAGTGGTTCCAATAGAG
TCCCCAATTCGAGTCCTTGTCTCGGCCGAAGACGTACTCCACTCCTGAGCCGTCCCTGCCCTAGGGGTAA
AAATGGACGCAGTGCCAGGACGACTAAATCAAACTGCCTTTATTGCCTCCCGCCCCGGGGTATTCTACGG
ACAATGCTCCGAAATTTGTGGTGCAAACCACAGCTTTATGCCAATCGTAGTAGAAGCTGTTCCCCTGGAA
CATTTTGAAAACTGATCCTCACTAATACTTGAAGACGCCTCACTAGGAAGCTAAACTGGGCCTAGCGTCA
GCCTTTTAAGCTGAAGATTGGTGGCCCCCAACCACCCCTAGTGACATGCCTCAACTAAACCCCGCCCCTT
GATTTGCAATTCTCGTTTTTTCCTGATTAATTTTCCTAACAGTGATTCCCCCAAAAGTATTAGCCCACAA
CTTTAATAACGAACCTACGACCGTTGGCGCTGAAAAAACTAAACCTGAGCCCTGAAACTGACCATGATAC
TAAGTTTCTTTGATCAATTTATAAGCCCCACCTACTTAGGTGTTCCTCTAATTGCGCTAGCAATCGCACT
CCCATGAACACTCTACCCTACCCCCACTTCACGGTGGCTAAACAACCGAGTGCTGACCTTACAAGGATGA
TTTATCAACCGCTTTACCCAGCAACTACTCCTCCCATTAAACCCGGGCGGCCACAAATGAGCGGTCTTAC
TTACATCTTTAATGTTATTCTTAATAACCATCAACATGCTCGGCCTCCTGCCTTACACCTTTACACCCAC
AACCCAACTCTCCCTTAATATGGGTCTGGCCGTTCCCCTATGACTAGCCACAGTAATTATTGGAATGCGA
AATCAGCCCACCGCCGCCCTAGGACATCTGCTCCCAGAAGGGACCCCCGTCCCCCTAATCCCCGTCCTTA
TTATCATTGAAACAATTAGCCTATTTATTCGACCCCTGGCCCTAGGAGTTCGACTAACCGCTAATTTAAC
AGCCGGCCACTTACTCATTCAACTAATTGCCACAGCAGCATTTGTTCTCCTCCCCATCATGCCAACTGTT
GCAATCCTTACTGCCACAGTTTTATTCCTACTCACCTTGCTAGAAGTAGCCGTAGCGATGATTCAAGCAT
ATGTCTTTGTTCTTCTTTTAAGCCTTTACCTACAAGAAAACGTCTAATGGCCCACCAAGCACACGCATTC
CACATGGTAGACCCAAGCCCCTGGCCGCTCACCGGAGCCGTCGGCGCCCTGCTGCTGACCTCTGGCACCG
CAATCTGGTTCCACTTCCATTCAATCACCCTTATAACACTAGGACTTATTTTAACTCTCCTCACTATGTA
CCAGTGATGACGAGACGTGGTACGAGAAGGCACCTTCCAAGGACACCATACTCCCCCAGTACAAAAAGGA
CTCCGATATGGTATAATCCTATTCATTACATCAGAAGTTTTCTTCTTTGCCGGGTTCTTTTGAGCCTTCT
ACCACTCTAGCTTGGCCCCCACTCCCGAGCTAGGAGGGTGCTGACCCCCCACAGGCATCACCCCTCTTGA
CCCCTTTGAAGTGCCCCTGCTTAATACAGCTGTCCTTCTTGCCTCCGGAGTAACCGTCACATGGGCACAT
CACAGCCTGATAGAAGGAGAACGAAAACAAGCGATTCAATCTCTAACCCTAACAATTCTACTAGGCTTCT
ACTTCACCTTCCTTCAAGCCCTAGAATATTACGAAGCGCCCTTTACCATCGCAGACGGCGTATATGGATC
AACCTTCTTTGTAGCCACAGGATTCCACGGTCTTCACGTCATCATTGGATCAACATTCTTAGCTGTCTGC
CTTCTCCGCCAAGTATTGTACCACTTCACTTCTAATCACCACTTTGGATTTGAAGCAGCCGCCTGATACT
GACACTTTGTTGACGTAGTTTGACTCTTCCTTTACGTCTCTATCTACTGATGAGGCTCATAATCTTTCTA
GTATAAAAGACAGTACAGGTGGCTTCCAACCATCTAATCTTGGTTAAAGTCCAAGGAAAGATAATGAGCC
TAATCATAACAATTTTAACAATTGCATCTCTCTTATCAATCGTCTTAGTAACTGTATCATTTTGACTCCC
TCAGATAAACCCGGACTCAGAAAAACTGTCCCCCTACGAATGCGGATTTGACCCCTTAGGGTCCGCCCGC
CTGCCATTCTCTCTTCGGTTTTTTCTTGTAGCAATTCTGTTCCTTCTCTTTGACCTAGAAATTGCCCTCC
TCCTTCCTCTGCCCTGAGGCAACCAATTACTTAACCCACTAGTCACTGTGTCGTGGGCCACTGCCATCCT
TGTTCTTCTGACCCTCGGACTAGTTTATGAATGAACACAAGGAGGCCTGGAATGAGCCGAATAGAGGATT
AGTCCAACTAAAGACTTCTGATTTCGGCTCAGAAAATTATGGTTAAAATCCATAATCCTCTTATGACCCC
CGTACACTTCAGTTTCACCACGGCATTTATTCTTGGCCTAATAGGTCTGGCATTCCACCGCACTCACCTT
CTCTCCGCACTATTGTGTCTAGAGGGAATGATGCTGTCGCTGTTCGTAGCCCTCTCTTTATGGACACTCC
AAACGGAGGCCACCAACTTCTCTGCAGCACCAATACTTCTACTCGCTTTTTCTGCCTGTGAGGCCAGCAC
GGGGCTAGCCCTCCTTGTAGCCACAGCCCGAACTCACGGAACAGACCGACTGCAAAGCCTCAACCTCCTA
CAATGCTAAAAATTCTAATCCCAACTCTTATGCTCTTCCCAACAACCTGACTAACACCTAAAAAATGGCT
GTGGACTGCCACAGTCACACACAGCCTAATCATTGCCCTATTAAGCCTTACCTGACTTAATTGAACAGCC
GAAACAGGCTGAACCCTCCCCAACACTTACATGGCAGTTGACCCCCTCTCCGCACCCCTGCTGGTCCTAA
CATGCTGACTTCTCCCCTTAATGATCCTAGCCAGTCAAAATCACACTCGAGAAGAACCAATTTCTCGACA
ACGAATGTATATTAGCCTACTTGCCTCCCTCCAGACCTTTCTCATTCTTGCATTCGGGGCTACAGAGATT
ATTATATTTTACATTATGTTTGAAGCAACTCTTGTCCCCACCCTAATTATTATTACCCGCTGGGGTAATC
AAGCAGAGCGTCTAAACGCTGGGACTTACTTTTTATTTTACACTTTGGCCGGGTCCCTCCCCCTCCTAGT
CGCACTCCTTACGCTACAAAGCACTACCGGAAGTCTCTCCATAATAACGCTAAACTTCGGGCAGCCCCTT
ACCCTAATATCCTGAGGAGATAAAATCTGATGGGCGGGCTGCCTAGTGGCCTTCCTGGTCAAAATACCCC
TCTATGGTGTTCACCTGTGACTTCCAAAAGCACATGTAGAGGCACCAATTGCGGGGTCAATGGTTCTGGC
CGCAGTATTACTAAAGTTGGGGGGATACGGCATGATCCGAATAACCACAATCCTTGACCCCCTCACCAAA
GAAATAGCATATCCCTTTATTGTCCTCGCCCTATGAGGCATCATCATAACAGGGTCAATCTGCTTGCGTC
AAACAGACTTAAAATCCTTAATCGCCTACTCCTCAGTAAGTCACATGGGCCTAGTAGCCGGGGGAATCCT
GATTCAAACCCCCTGGGGCCTTACAGGAGCAATCATTTTAATAATTGCCCACGGACTGGTGTCTTCTGCC
CTCTTTTGTCTAGCAAACACCGCCTATGAGCGAACCCACAGCCGGACCATGGTGCTAGCTCGAGGCCTAC
AAATATTATTTCCTCTTACCGCCACCTGATGGTTTATCGCCAACCTGGCCAATCTTGCACTCCCACCATT
ACCAAATTTAATGGGAGAAGTGATAATTATTACAACCATGTTTAACTGATCCCCCTGAACCCTTGTCCTA
ACAGGGGCCGGAACGCTAATCACAGCCGGGTACTCCCTATACATATTCCTAATAACCCAACGGGGCCCCG
TACCCGCCCATATTATTGGATTAACCCCCTACCACACGCGAGAGCACCTTCTAATTGCCCTCCATCTAAT
CCCCGTAATTCTGCTTATCTTAAAGCCAGAATTTATGTGAGGGTGATTCTACTGCAGATATAGTTTAACA
AAAATGTTGGATTGTGATTCCAAAGACAGGAGTTCAAATCTCCTTATCCGCCGAGAGAGGCCTGTAGCAA
TAGAGACTGCTAATCTCTACCCCCGCAGTTAGAATCTGCGGCTCACTCGGCCTTTGAAGGATAACAGTCA
TCCGTTGGTCTTAGGAACCAAAAACTCTTGGTGCAAATCCAAGCAGAGGCTATGCAAACGACCTTAATCT
TAACGTCCTCACTTACCTTAATCTTTGCCCTACTAGCCTATCCAATTGTTTCAACAATTGACCCCGCCCC
CAAAGGGCCAGACTGAGCCATCACACACGTAAAAACCGCAGTTAGCGCCGCCTTTGTGGTCAGCCTTTTG
CCACTATTTATCTTTCTCGACCAGGGAGTAGAGACTATCATCACAACTTGACACTGGATAAACACCTCCA
CCTTTAATATTAATATTAGCTTAAAATTTGACGCCTACTCAATTATTTTTACCCCCATCGCCCTCTACGT
CACATGATCTATCCTAGAATTTGCCTCATGATATATACATGCAGACCCCTACATGAACCGCTTCTTCAAA
TATTTACTTATATTCCTCATCGCCATAATTATTCTTGTTACAGCCAATAACATGTTCCAACTATTTATTG
GCTGAGAAGGCGTAGGAATCATATCATTCCTCTTAATTGGGTGATGATATGGCCGAGCCGACGCAAACAC
CGCCGCCCTCCAAGCCGTCATCTACAACCGAGTAGGAGACATTGGCCTAATTATAACCATGGCCTGATTT
GCCATAAACTTAAACTCATGAGAAATACAACAAATCTTTTCCCTCTCCCACAACACCGACATAACACTCC
CCCTCTTGGGCCTCATCGTTGCCGCGACTGGAAAATCAGCACAATTCGGACTTCACCCCTGACTACCTTC
CGCAATGGAAGGTCCCACACCAGTCTCCGCCCTACTGCACTCAAGCACCATGGTCGTAGCAGGAATTTTT
CTCCTTATTCGACTCCACCCCTTAACCCACTCTAATCAAACCGCCCTTACCATTTGTCTATGTCTCGGTG
CACTAACTACGCTATTTACCGCAACCTGCGCCCTAACCCAAAACGACATCAAAAAGATCGTAGCATTTTC
TACCTCTAGTCAACTAGGCCTAATGATAGTAACCATTGGACTTGACCAACCTCAACTAGCTTTTTTTCAC
ATCTGCACGCATGCCTTCTTCAAAGCAATACTTTTCCTTTGTTCCGGTTCTATTATCCACAGCCTTAATG
ACGAACAAGATATCCGCAAGATAGGGGGAATGCACAACCTGGCCCCCTTCACATCAACCTGCTTGACAAT
CGGCAGCCTAGCGCTCACAGGAACCCCCTTTCTTGCGGGCTTTTTCTCAAAAGATGCCATTATTGAAGCC
TTAAACACTTCGTACCTAAACGCCTGAGCCCTAGTTCTCACCCTGATTGCTACCTCTTTCACAGCAGTCT
ACAGCTTCCGAGTAGTATTCTTCGTTACTATAGGAACCCCTCGATTCCTGCCCCTCTCCCCCATCAATGA
AAATGACCCAGCAGTAATTAACCCAATTAAGCGACTAGCCTGGGGGAGCATTGTGGCAGGCCTAATTCTT
ACCTCAAACGTCCTTCCTACTAAGACCCCCGTTATAACCATGCCCCCCCTTCTTAAACTGGCGGCCCTCG
CCGTCACAATTATTGGCCTTTTAACAGCCATAGAACTAGCTGCCCTTACTGCTAAACAATTCAAACCCAC
CCCAATCATTAAACTACATAACTTCTCCAACATATTAGGCTATTTCCCGGCAGTTGTCCACCGCTTAGCC
CCTAAACTAAATTTAGTCCTGGGACAGACAATGGCCAACCAACTGGTAGATCAGACATGATTTGAAGCAG
CAGGACCAAAAGGCTTAGCCACAGCACAATTAAAAATGTCAACCGCTACTAGCGACGCCCAACGAGGCAT
TATCAAGACATATCTAATAATCTTCCTAATCACCTCTGGACTGGCTACTCTATTGGCCTCTACCTAGACG
GCTCGAAGAGCCCCCCGAGACAACCCCCGAGTTAACTCCAACACCACAAACAAAGTTAATAATAACACCC
AAGCACAAAGAAGCATTATTACACCTCCAAAAGCGTACAACATAGCCACCCCTCCAATATCCCCTCGAAC
AACTAAAAGCTCCTTAACGGAGCTTAATATCCCAGTACTAAACCCATACGTCGTTGGCCCAAAATATATT
GACGCCAATACAACTGCTACTATATAGAACATTGCATGCTCAAACACCGATGCATCTCCCCAGCTCTCAG
GATGCGCGTCAGCTGCTAAAGCAGCCGAATAACCAAAAACAACTAATATTCCCCCCAAATAAATTAAAAA
TAGGGCCAAAGCCAAAAACGGCGACCCAAACATTGCTAAAACAGCACAACCGATACCTGAAGACAGGACC
AGCCCAAAGGCTGCAAAATATGGAGCCGGATTTGAAGCAACCCCCACCATCCCCAAAATAAACCCAAAAA
GTAGAAAGCTAATAAAATATGCCATAATTTCTACACGGACTTTAACCGAGACTAATGACTTGAAAAACCA
CCGTTGTTATTCAACTATAGAAACCCTTAATGGCAAGCCTACGAAAAACCCACCCCCTTCTAAAAATCGC
CAACGACGCACTAGTCGACCTCCCAGCCCCCTCCAATATTTCAGTATGATGAAACTTTGGATCGCTTCTA
GGACTATGTTTAGCGTCGCAAATCCTAACAGGGCTGTTCCTAGCTATGCATTACACCTCCGACATTGCAA
CCGCATTTTCATCTGTAACCCACATTTGCCGTGACGTTAACTACGGCTGACTGATCCGAAACATACATGC
AAACGGAGCATCCTTCTTTTTTATCTGCATCTATGCTCACATCGGCCGAGGCCTTTATTACGGCTCATAC
CTTTACAAAGAAACATGAAATATTGGAGTAGTTCTCCTACTTCTAGTAATAATAACTGCCTTCGTCGGCT
ATGTCCTCCCCTGAGGGCAAATGTCCTTTTGAGGGGCCACGGTAATTACAAATCTACTATCTGCCGTCCC
CTACGTAGGAAATGAACTTGTACAGTGAATCTGAGGGGGCTTCTCCGTAGACAATGCAACCCTTACCCGG
TTCTTCGCCTTTCATTTCTTATTTCCCTTCGTCATTGCAGGCGCCACTATTCTTCACCTACTCTTTTTAC
ACGAAACAGGGTCCAATAACCCCGCAGGACTTAACTCAGACGCTGACAAAATCTCATTCCACCCATATTT
TTCTTACAAAGACCTACTAGGATTCGCAGTCATACTGCTTGGGCTAACCTCCCTTGCCCTCTTCTCCCCC
AATCTTCTAGGAGACCCAGAAAATTTTACACCCGCCAACCCTCTTGTCACCCCGCCTCACATCAAACCAG
AGTGATACTTCCTATTTGCCTACGCCATTCTACGCTCTATTCCTAACAAACTAGGAGGAGTTCTAGCTCT
TGTATTCTCTATTCTAGTTCTTATAGTAGTCCCAATCCTCCACACTTCTAAACAACGAGGACTCACCTTC
CGGCCTCTGACACAGTTCCTGTTCTGAACACTGATCGCAGACGTAATTATTCTTACATGAATCGGAGGCA
TGCCAGTTGAACACCCATTTATTATTATTGGTCAAGTAGCCTCAGTGCTTTACTTCGCACTATTTCTAAT
CCTGGCCCCACTGGCAGGATGACTGGAAAATAAAGCCCTAGAATGAAACTGCCCCAGTAGCTTAGCCTTA
AAGCGCCGGTCTTGTAAACCGGAGACCGGAGGTTAAAATCCTCCCTGAGGCCCAGAGAAGAAAGATTCTA
ACTTCCACCTCTAACTCCCAAAGCTAGAATTCTGAGTTAAACTATTCTCTGCAAAACCGTGCCCCCACAA
CCGTCTATACAGTGCGCAAATTCGGCCGGCTAATGCAATAAGCCAATACATGTAAGAACATTTATTTGTC
TTAGCAACATGCATGCTTATGTATTACATTATTTACATGACACAAGCACATATGTACAGTGTAGTACATA
TTATGCATAATTATACATATATGGTGTAGTACATATTATGCATAATTATACATATATGGTGTAGTACATA
TTATGCATAATTATACATATATGGTGTAGTACATATCATTATTAATCACCAAAGAATTAATTAAAACAAT
CAGGAAAGAATTAAAATTAAGGTTTACATAGACATAACATTAAGATTCAGAATTAAAATAAGAGCAGCTG
GTAAATAGATTAAACCCCATAACTGCATTAAACCATTTTCCATGCGTTATTCACCATAACTTGAACTAAA
TAAATCAAATGTAATAAGAACCGACCAATAAACTAAATAATTGCATATCATGAATGATAAGATCACGGAC
AAAAATTGTGGGGGTTTCACAAAATGAACTATTCCTGGCATTTGGTTCCTATTTCAGGGCCATGAGTGTA
TAAATCCCCATAAAATGAACTTTCCATGCATAAGTTAATGTTAAAGTACTATCGACTCGTTACCCACCAT
GCCGAGCGTTCACTTATATGCATTTGGTATTTTTTTTTTCGGCTTACACTCATCCTCATTTGGCGACTCC
TTCCTAATGTTAACTTTCAAGGTTGAACAGTTTCCTTGCTTGAACATAACCTTAATGTAGACCTTAACGA
GCATTGACAGAAGAGTTGCATAACTGATATCAAGTGCATAAACTATTAATACTCAGCCCAAGAACTACTA
TTATTACTGCCCCCTTCGCAACACGACGAGAAAGTTTTCGCGCGACAAACCCCCTTACCCCCTACGCCGT
AAGAGTCTTATAATTCATGTCAAACCCCAAAACCATGGAAGTCTCGATTGGCGCCTTCAACGAGTTCTGA
TGTGTGTTGGTATATATAGTGTTGCAAAAAAGTGCCATTGTGTA
Contact: Vadim E. Fraifeld, MD, PhD

Head: Lab for the Biology of Aging, The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel

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How to cite us:

If you would like to cite this database please use:
Toren D, Barzilay T, Tacutu R, Lehmann G, Muradian KK, Fraifeld VE. MitoAge: a database for comparative analysis of mitochondrial DNA, with a special focus on animal longevity. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016; 44(D1):D1262-5.